“Social impact of the law criminalizing violence against women in Costa Rica. A retrospective analysis assessing its effectiveness and persuasive effect in preventing violence against women over the last 5 years.” Universidad Internacional de las Américas

Abstract

This research analyzes the social impact of Costa Rica’s Law on the Criminalization of Violence against Women (LPVcM), focusing on the five years following its 2021 reform. The study assesses both the law’s effectiveness in protecting victims and its deterrent role in preventing gender-based violence.

Using a mixed-methods approach, judicial and police statistics, surveys of affected women, and interviews with legal practitioners, the findings reveal persistent shortcomings. Although more than 104,000 complaints were filed between 2018 and 2022, most were dismissed or discontinued, while femicide cases have continued to rise, with 493 documented between 2007 and April 2025. These results raise serious concerns about the law’s deterrent capacity and its practical enforcement.

Beyond legal provisions, victims report institutional revictimization, lack of empathy, and inadequate protection, while justice operators point to resource constraints and insufficient training. Nonetheless, women’s empowerment and support networks emerge as key factors in encouraging reporting and seeking justice.

The study concludes that while the LPVcM represents a landmark legal framework aligned with international human rights obligations, its effectiveness remains limited. Strengthening prevention, expanding institutional resources, and promoting cultural and educational change are essential to ensure the right of Costa Rican women to live free from violence.